Ivan Pavlov
1. When Pavlov discovered the theory of classical conditioning, he was actually trying to learn more about the digestive system and its secrets.
2. Pavlov’s experiment was conducted in many steps:
a. He rang a bell in front of the dog
b. He showed him food (dog salivated)
c. He gave him food (dog liked it)
d. He repeated these steps several times
i. He rang bell (dog salivated) even if food was not given
ii. It created a behavior on the dog
3. Conditional stimulus: bell, unconditional stimulus: Food, conditioned response: Salivation.
4. Extinction: extinction occurs when the classical conditioning or response decreases until it disappears.
5. To give similar responses when the response has been conditioned
6. To be able to detect differences from one stimuli to another.
7. Two limitations of experiment:
a. The experiment was done on dogs, not humans, and results can vary.
b. Dogs can salivate at any time with the tubes surgically inserted in the salivary glands.
8. After his experiment, he theorized that we link two or more things together, and have a response over them.
John B. Watson
1. Little Albert:
a. The baby was exposed to many objects
i. A white rat
ii. A rabbit
iii. A monkey
iv. Masks
v. Burning newspaper
1. He demonstrated no fear of any of them
b. The next time little Albert was exposed the rat, Watson made a loud noise with a metal pipe. The child began to cry. After repeatedly paring the rat with the loud noise, Albert began to cry only by seeing the rat.
c. This created him a phobia to any white-furry object, because of classical conditioning
2. Conditioned stimulus: white rat, Unconditional stimulus: Loud noise, Conditioned response: Albert’s fear.
3. Limitations of experiment:
a. It was incorrect to do it on a baby
b. It was done at a baby, this might not work on adults
4. "The more frequent a stimulus and response to occur in association with each other, the stronger that habit will become." (John B. Watson)
5. "The response that has most recently occurred after a particular stimulus is the response most likely to be associated with that stimulus." (John B. Watson)
6. Basic assumptions of behaviorism
a. Behaviors are the result of the experiences with the environment.
b. Learning involves a change in behaviors.
c. Many species learn in similar ways.
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